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2025 Field Day: Nematode Management in Walnut and Almond

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Press Release
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Host: Andreas Westphal UC Riverside, Nematology

Where: Kearney Agricultural Research & Extension Center, 9240 S. Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648, ph: 559 646 6555, email: andreas.westphal@ucr.edu

When: December 2, 8:00 AM – 12:00 noon

Who: Field research representatives, farm advisors, PCAs, growers, consultants (CEU other(O): 4.0 hrs pending)

What: Rootstock development; pre-plant soil treatments; post-plant treatments …

Support of the following is greatly appreciated:

Grantors including DPR, IAB, MBT, SCBGP, chemical companies, nurseries, TriCal, NIFA-Hatch 1010599, and cooperators including almond and walnut rootstock teams; UC farm advisors and others also make these activities possible. The help and support of the nematology team and the Kearney crew are very much appreciated.

REGISTRATION for this event:
https://surveys.ucanr.edu/survey.cfm?p=ZLOXQI&u=2229640&surveynumber=47192
Early registration is encouraged.

Spray Technology for Mechanized Pruning Vineyard Systems

By
Dr. Peter Ako Larbi
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Figure 1. Comparison between manual pruning vineyard system (left; photos by UC ANR Agricultural Application Engineering Program) and mechanized pruning vineyard system (right; photos by George Zhuang, UCCE.)

Mechanized pruning in grape production aims to improve productivity by means of uniformity, timeliness and cost effectiveness. It also helps to address the farm labor shortage situation facing the grape industry. The difference in the outcomes of manual and mechanized pruning from the viewpoint of pesticide spray application to grapevines is minimal to nonexistent. Figure 1 shows examples of manually pruned versus mechanically pruned grapevines, indicating similarity in appearance. In both cases, the vine canopies undergo the same temporal changes, from non-foliated canopies at the beginning of the production season to fully foliated canopies later in the season.

As the number of leaves increase inside the canopy, the leaf area density (LAD) also increases. LAD, with units of square meters per cubic meter, is defined as the total leaf area (m2) per unit volume of canopy (m3). LAD represents the available leaf area in the target canopy that applied spray should deposit on. Figure 2 shows an example of the temporal variation of LAD in canopies of a of manually pruned grape over part of the season. Increasing LAD trends figure are attributed to rapid increase in canopy foliage as leaves form while decreasing LAD trends can be attributed to spreading out of the canopy due to limb elongation during the vegetative stage or gravitational effect as leaves and fruits weigh down on branches.

Figure 2. Example of temporal variation of leaf area density in canopies of a manually pruned grapevine over part of the growing season. The upward trend is attributed to the rapid increase in canopy foliage as leaves form.

Hence, when considering spray technology needs or practice beyond pruning, there is virtually no difference between a manually pruned and a mechanically pruned vineyard. The same principles and best practices apply. In the San Joaquin Valley, about 76% of vineyard pesticide applications are done using conventional airblast sprayers, based on 2023 data. The remainder is done using tower sprayers (10%), electrostatics mist blowers (7%) and other sprayers (7%).

Basics of Spray Application
During spray application using any of the aforementioned sprayers, the sprayer travels between vine rows applying spray on both sides. Basically, the immediate vine canopies adjacent to the sprayer are considered the target canopies, and both sides of the canopy need to be sprayed to achieve full coverage. Standard sprayer calibration calculations view only half of the vine row per side as being sprayed at any given time. Therefore, it is sufficient and most efficient for the sprayer air to carry the spray to the target canopy with only enough penetration, as excessive penetration could reduce the level of spray deposition and increase drift potential. The volume of spray applied is calibrated as follows:

where GPA is gallons applied per acre, GPM2 sides and GPM1 side are the total flowrates (in gallons per minute) from all open nozzles, MPH is the calibrated forward speed (miles per hour) of the sprayer, and RS is the vine row spacing (feet).

Some other commercial sprayers are designed to treat multiple vine rows in a single pass. In such cases, the calibration formulas provided above should be revised accordingly to accurately calculate GPA. To do this, RS would need to be multiplied by the applicable values of 2, 4 or 6.

Considerations for Efficient and Effective Spray Application
Three components are important for achieving an efficient and effective application: the sprayer (equipment), the spray (material) and the operator or spray crew. The sprayer must be well-maintained to provide the intended functionality, well-calibrated to achieve accurate GPA in accordance with the pesticide label and well-adjusted to target canopy characteristics. This means the number of open nozzles should not result in too much spray applied over and/or under the canopy. In the actual application, the sprayer needs to be well-operated, maintaining the calibrated settings.

For effective pest control, the spray application must be properly timed both in terms of the target pest and the weather conditions at the selected time of application. The spray must also be accurately applied to achieve the intended dosage to control the target pest. To maximize this dosage, the spray should be well-directed to the target canopy. The pesticide mix should be optimized for both coverage and on-target deposition to prevent excessive runoff of spray liquid from leaves. The level of air assistance from the sprayer should be appropriate for adequate penetration. The need for air assistance in vine and tree spray applications is well established and cannot be overstated. However, research studies demonstrate using too much air assistance can result in reduced on-target deposition and increased drift potential due to overpenetration.

Furthermore, the success of an application depends on the skill and knowledge of the operator or spray crew. They should be familiar with spray application best practices and be willing to adhere to them. They should be attentive to sudden changes in the field (e.g., an abrupt change in wind speed and/or direction toward a sensitive site) and be able to delay or postpone applications until a more suitable time.

Whether applying spray to a manual or mechanized pruning vineyard system, effectiveness is not just about achieving the desired GPA. More than that, it is about getting adequate spray material to the target so the desired levels of spray coverage, on-target deposition and pest control can be achieved. Afterall, spray that deposits on the target is the spray at work.

Precision Agriculture: It’s the Future that’s Here

By
Stephen Vasquez
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Advancements in precision agriculture are rapidly evolving. Many growers who have adopted autonomous tractors and related technologies report achieving a rapid return on investment, often recouping costs through labor savings, increased productivity and improved operational efficiency (photo courtesy Kingman Ag.)

The USDA’s Economic Research Service recently released its 2024 agricultural production summaries, highlighting that California agriculture reached a total value of $61.2 billion, maintaining its position as the nation’s leader. This is encouraging news for the state and for California’s growers, who produce several specialty crops unique to the Golden State. In fact, nearly half of all U.S. vegetables and more than three-quarters of the nation’s fruits and tree nuts are grown in California. The state’s top 10 commodities exceeded $1 billion in farm gate value in 2024, ranging from $8.6 billion for dairy products to $1.4 billion for broilers (Table 1). Pistachios achieved a record valuation of $2.05 billion in 2024, with expectations of surpassing that figure this season.

However, what do these strong figures truly mean for growers and farm managers? Despite the impressive statewide performance, many growers continue to face significant financial pressures affecting their bottom line. Rising production costs, driven largely by California’s complex regulatory environment, pose ongoing challenges for growers. A recent study from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo found that compliance costs for environmental, labor and food safety regulations have increased by more than 63% over the past seven years. For example, regulations alone account for 12% of the total production cost of lettuce, or approximately $1,600 per acre. Similar regulatory costs can be attributed to other specialty crops, too. When these regulatory costs are added to California’s already high production expenses, it becomes increasingly difficult for growers to remain profitable.

As California Farm Bureau President Shannon Douglass aptly stated, “Producers cannot continue to bear the burden of ever-increasing costs while their ability to remain competitive erodes. If policymakers fail to strike a better balance, California risks losing its ability to produce high-quality food, sustain jobs and preserve green rural spaces that benefit everyone.”

Precision Agriculture
With the continually rising cost of doing business in California, many growers are asking themselves, “How can I remain profitable?” The reality is mixed. Some producers are struggling, selling land, operating at a loss or merely breaking even, while others are maintaining profitability through a strong focus on efficiency and innovation. One promising strategy gaining momentum among California growers is precision agriculture.

Although there is no single, universally accepted definition, most universities and federal agencies agree that precision agriculture involves identifying variability within fields and using advanced technologies, such as GIS, GPS, crop performance data and site-specific information, to manage inputs and practices spatially. One grower described it simply as “the collection and use of data sets that must be interpreted by someone with a technological background.”

Perhaps the most comprehensive definition comes from the UC Davis Digital Agriculture Laboratory, which states: “Precision Agriculture is defined as the site-specific and timely management of crops, based on data-driven procedures to enhance agricultural efficiency by minimizing inputs and waste and maximizing yield quantity and quality while protecting the environment and ensuring sustainability.”

Regardless of the definition, success in precision agriculture depends on a grower’s commitment to regular data collection, interpretation and application. Those who consistently analyze and act on data are more likely to achieve measurable returns on investment, such as improved yield, higher quality and reduced input costs.

The concept of precision agriculture dates to the 1980s, when it was first researched and adopted in the corn, soybean, cotton and wheat fields of the Midwest. Early efforts focused on grid soil sampling, which allowed for laboratory analysis and the creation of field maps that revealed low-performing areas. The maps helped growers identify where to adjust pH levels or apply nutrients and soil amendments to balance productivity across fields.

By the late 1980s and early 1990s, researchers were testing yield monitoring systems combined with GPS data, enabling growers to layer yield data over soil sampling grids. This innovation led to the development of variable-rate technology, allowing growers to apply fertilizers, seeds or other inputs at different rates across a field based on real-time soil and yield data. Over time, this capability has helped growers track performance annually and make targeted adjustments to boost productivity. Given the millions of contiguous acres of row crops in the Midwest, it’s no surprise that precision agriculture originated there and has continued to improve, benefiting agriculture nationwide.

In contrast, adoption in western states, where high-value specialty crops like pistachios, grapes, citrus and strawberries dominate, has been slower due to the permanent nature of the crops. University research on precision agriculture for these crops did not begin until the 1990s, initially focusing on major row crops. However, growing interest in reducing input costs for activities like spraying, fertilizing and irrigating has accelerated both research and adoption in California and other Western states. Today, precision agriculture is increasingly seen as a collection of critical tools for improving sustainability and competitiveness in the specialty crop sector. In addition to traditional practices, such as collecting soil samples to assess pH levels, soil amendment requirements and site-specific yield data, western growers now have access to many more precision agriculture technologies that significantly enhance crop yield, product quality and overall profitability.

What Tools Are California’s Specialty Crop Growers Using?
Precision agriculture has advanced dramatically since its early days of university research in the 1990s. Proximity to Silicon Valley meant it was only a matter of time before technology and agriculture would intersect in meaningful ways. In the early years, however, many ag tech startups focused on solving problems that growers didn’t actually have, which often led to strained relationships between innovators and growers. Over time, these companies realized that their greatest shortcoming was the absence of agricultural expertise on their teams. Once they began incorporating professionals with farming and crop management experience, their solutions became far more practical and impactful. Today, many of those early startups have evolved into key partners in modern agriculture, helping growers apply technology to solve real-world challenges.

One of the most successful applications of precision agriculture in specialty crops has been in water delivery and management. The first perennial crop in California to adopt a managed or low-volume irrigation system was a 5-acre avocado orchard in San Diego County. Adoption was initially slow, with approximately 5% of all irrigated acreage using drip irrigation in 1988. It took a major drought to motivate wider investment in these systems. Since then, drip and microirrigation technologies have become standard practice among perennial crop growers across the state.

The next major step in irrigation innovation is the automation of irrigation systems, which understandably makes some growers and farm managers apprehensive, much like the hesitation seen during the first steps toward drip irrigation in the 1970s. However, today’s knowledge base and technical capacity are far more advanced. Skilled irrigation specialists can now retrofit nearly any system for automation. While the initial investment can be substantial, growers typically see a return through reduced water usage, lower pumping costs and decreased labor expenses. Still, success requires dedicated oversight by either continued staff training or a designated employee to monitor system performance and ensure data-driven operation for maximum return on investment.

Another rapidly advancing tool in precision agriculture is the on-farm weather station. These stations began appearing in vineyards and orchards during the 1990s, initially to collect climate data used in pest management modeling. Since then, they have evolved into fully integrated components of modern farm management systems. Today’s weather stations collect a range of data, including temperature, humidity, soil moisture, nutrient levels and irrigation flow, which can be analyzed to optimize growing conditions. With these systems in place, growers can remotely control irrigation schedules, manage acid and fertilizer applications and track pest and disease pressures with remarkable precision.

One of the most transformative advancements in agriculture over the past decade has been the development and adoption of autonomous tractors. As traditional tractors and specialized equipment have become increasingly sophisticated and costly, it has become more difficult for growers to find qualified operators capable of managing these machines efficiently. Furthermore, many farm tasks are repetitive and physically demanding, creating additional labor challenges. Recognizing these issues, technology companies have focused on automating routine fieldwork through autonomous machinery that uses GPS/GIS guidance and geofencing with great accuracy.

Autonomous tractors are now demonstrating their value across a wide range of farming operations. These machines can perform the work of several people across many acres with remarkable precision and consistency, operating for long hours without fatigue. The benefits of integrating autonomous tractors into farm operations are considerable and include:

• Reduced labor costs and improved worker safety: Automation minimizes the need for manual operation and exposure to field hazards.
• Enhanced precision and operational efficiency: GPS-guided systems ensure consistent performance, minimizing overlap and waste.
• Improved crop quality and yield: Consistent timing and precision application of inputs lead to healthier, more uniform crops.
• Greater resource and environmental sustainability: Optimized equipment usage reduces fuel consumption, emissions and soil compaction, and improves efficient use and application of chemicals.

Many growers who have adopted autonomous tractors and related technologies report achieving a rapid return on investment, often recouping costs through labor savings, increased productivity and improved operational efficiency. Moreover, as the technology becomes more widespread, the cost of autonomous equipment continues to decline, making it increasingly accessible to a broader range of agricultural operations. Additionally, farm personnel are better paid because they need to have an applied understanding of the technology being used on today’s farms.

Advancements in precision agriculture are rapidly evolving, particularly through the integration of drone technology to generate hyperspectral maps that identify challenges related to irrigation, pest infestations and overall crop health. Concurrently, cutting-edge research in robotics is poised to revolutionize the planting, management and harvesting of perennial crops, offering significant time and cost savings for growers. When combined with ongoing innovations in sensor technology and artificial intelligence, these tools empower producers to collect, organize and analyze data in real time. This capability enhances farm productivity, optimizes resource utilization and promotes a more sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to food production.

These technologies form an integrated system that enables growers to measure, analyze and respond with unprecedented accuracy. Table 2 provides an overview of the primary categories of precision agriculture that can be used, illustrating how each supports data-driven decision-making and operational efficiency. Collectively, precision agriculture innovations have moved beyond theory, resulting in a tangible, transformative approach reshaping the management of California’s specialty crops. By improving yield, enhancing quality and promoting sustainable practices, it is redefining the future of farming.

Help for Growers
Growers interested in learning more about precision agriculture and how to leverage its many benefits are encouraged to connect with qualified experts and reputable organizations that specialize in agricultural technology. A good starting point is to contact a certified crop adviser precision agriculture specialist, university extension personnel, USDA researchers or technology vendors who can provide tailored guidance, demonstrations and ongoing support for specific systems or tools of interest.

Many growers also benefit from attending field demonstrations and educational meetings where precision agriculture technologies are showcased in real-world settings. These events provide valuable opportunities to observe technology in action, ask questions and hear directly from both researchers and fellow producers.

A key resource for California growers is the UC Davis Digital Agriculture Laboratory (digitalag.ucdavis.edu), whose mission is to “optimize food production by implementing mechanized approaches that enhance yields while simultaneously reducing waste, inputs and environmental impact.” The lab serves as a hub for research, collaboration and education on data-driven, sustainable farming practices.

Another excellent organization is the Western Growers Center for Innovation and Technology (wginnovation.com), which is dedicated to advancing innovation and technological adoption in the specialty crop sector. The center connects growers with cutting-edge ideas, ag tech startups and research partners to help bring practical solutions from concept to the field.

By engaging with these and similar resources, growers can stay informed about the latest technologies, research findings, field events and educational opportunities, enabling them to identify the tools and practices that best align with their individual operations and long-term goals.

Resources
The Role of Precision Agriculture in Optimizing Orchard Water Management in California: https://progressivecrop.com/2025/01/19/the-role-of-precision-agriculture-in-optimizing-orchard-water-management-in-california/

Can Artificial Intelligence Enhance the Profit and Environmental Sustainability of Agriculture?: https://progressivecrop.com/2021/07/08/can-artificial-intelligence-enhance-the-profit-and-environmental-sustainability-of-agriculture/

John Deere Acquires GUSS Automation to Strengthen High-Value Crop Autonomy Portfolio: https://progressivecrop.com/2025/09/16/john-deere-acquires-guss-automation-to-strengthen-high-value-crop-autonomy-portfolio/

Useful Soil Maps in Microirrigated Orchards: https://progressivecrop.com/2024/02/09/useful-soil-maps-in-microirrigated-orchards/

New Tools for Monitoring Vineyard Nitrogen: https://progressivecrop.com/2024/07/15/new-tools-for-monitoring-vineyard-nitrogen/

Weather Station Use in Vineyards: https://progressivecrop.com/2021/01/04/weather-station-use-in-vineyards/

Natural Bridge to Higher Plant Metabolism: Unlocking the Power of Biostimulants

By
Kirk Van Leuven | PCA, CCA, Biologicals Innovation Specialist, Corteva
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Pistachio orchards postharvest comparing a season-long biostimulant program (left) vs a grower standard program without biostimulants (right). Differences seen in leaf senescence, leaf drop and photosynthetic viability of trees for purpose of storing reserves and finishing flower bud development. (photos courtesy K. Van Leuven.)

Biostimulants are a natural “hack” to bridge the gap between average and better crops. While a growing segment of our industry promotes natural products to balance economic and environmental goals, probably the best reason to use these products is to improve crops with better nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and greater resilience to stress, creating a better return on investment. Reducing inputs while achieving better crops is a win-win. So maybe the biggest barrier for most growers to adopt biostimulants and more sustainable programs is that the chemistry of natural products and their mode of action (MOA) is new and unfamiliar.

Understanding biostimulants comes by knowledge of plant metabolism and how plants use metabolic molecules to grow. General chemistry is adequate for understanding ionic chemical bonds, soil chemistry, fertilizers, spray tank compatibilities and typical inputs for farming. But biochemistry and plant metabolism are more complex. Biochemistry is based on the covalent bonds of things like water and carbon compounds like proteins, enzymes and sugars. Covalent bonds allow for chemical reactions in the plant to be cyclical and oxidative or reductive. In plant metabolism, the sugars, starches and proteins can either be built up or broken down depending on what’s going on in the plant’s reactions to its environment and nutritional status of the crop.

The harvestable crop develops over the course of the growing season. Metabolism is how the plant makes and accumulates carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. These primary metabolites are essential to plant growth. Secondary metabolites are synthesized in later stages of growth when genetic signaling calls for plant defenses, hardening or maturation. They are not directly involved in structural growth. Efficient production of both primary and secondary metabolites determines crop yield and quality in the end.

Examples of the carbon skeletons from four families of small organic molecules synthesized in plant metabolism: sugars, proteins, fatty acids and nucleotides.

Biostimulants Provide Needed Metabolic Support
In the case of permanent crops, getting off to a good start each year depends on starting with reserves built up from the metabolism of the previous season. For both annual and permanent crops, the root zone can either be friendly or challenging to the development of the plant. Root-zone metabolism continues even during times when the top is not growing. The potential for a good crop can be protected and preserved under most situations by keeping an eye on plant metabolism with a crop-friendly fertility program and a few timely biostimulant applications.

The metabolic machinery of the plant operates like a bank account in terms of the energy the plant can generate and store in the form of metabolic molecules. Some plant processes build energy while others use it up. Metabolism can be sped up or slowed down. Conditions, imbalances and toxicities can slow photosynthetic and respiratory rates, slow the movement of nutrients and plant solutes, reduce chlorophyll and lower turgor. When this happens, crop development is set back. Choosing crop inputs with an eye on always optimizing plant metabolism pays off.

Metabolic molecules have what are called carbon skeletons based on the atomic structure of the carbon atom and its ability to form covalent bonds with other atoms and functional groups. Everything in the plant is carbon-based. Because of the covalent bonds in carbon skeletons, the chemical structures of carbohydrates, aminos, proteins and lipids can be made and rearranged in the plant into rings, chains or longer chains. Longer amino acid chains can be folded into enzymes and proteins. When a functional group or compound is called for by plant genetics, a carbon skeleton is modified to meet the need. The energy to build these organic molecules comes from using a portion of the sugars and ADP that were just made in photosynthesis and respiration. Simple math of adding and subtracting what the plant can make on a cellular level results in the plant vigor and reproductive health that we see visibly in the field.

Examples of three disaccharide molecules made in plant metabolism, which can be broken down to their monosaccharide components to make other metabolic compounds.

Biostimulants Can Offset Plant Energy Costs
In recent years, academics and researchers have dived deeper into understanding plant biochemistry and metabolism. The thing most biostimulant products have in common is that the material itself comes from recent or ancient living animal or plant metabolism. These materials can “hack” the system by providing a carbon or amino energy boost for the crop. Many of these materials either contain or elicit 1) signaling compounds and/or 2) useful carbon skeletons for the plant. These metabolic molecules would otherwise cost the plants energy to synthesize. Environmental conditions and the nutritional status in the field will not always allow the plant to synthesize the metabolic compounds we can apply with a biostimulant product. A few examples will begin to support this concept.

Seaweed products are known to contain several carbon-based metabolic compounds, including polysaccharides, low-weight organic acids, a variety of signaling compounds, phenolics and a range of macro and micronutrients. These products have been widely used and accepted as reliable biostimulants without a full understanding of the way that they provide growth effects and the modulation of crop stress. Some studies show hormone-like responses even when the detectable levels of hormone in the product do not fit the hormone response model. Current understanding points to the polysaccharide components or, in other words, metabolic material from the seaweed. We do not know the exact MOA for the results we see. Polysaccharide content (sugars) can contribute to growth but cannot fully explain all the responses observed. Natural products come as a package. Multiple cofactors are included.

Sources and Benefits of Natural Biostimulant Inputs
In commercial agriculture, biostimulant benefits have been mainly explained as plant stress management through reactive oxygen species scavenging and the antioxidant properties of the product. Cleaning up reactive species and the byproducts of stress helps restore plant function, but the business of metabolic work needs to go to the next stages of crop development. A higher rate of metabolism helps.

Most of the primary metabolites crops need are made in the chloroplasts of the leaves. Biostimulant products can reduce the degradation of chlorophyll and even increase chlorophyll synthesis. This is easy to observe when the leaves are a nice green color and are working well. Higher chlorophyll levels can be maintained even under stressful conditions. Nutrition definitely plays a role, but NUE from biostimulants can keep the metabolism working under less-than-optimum conditions. Nutrition and metabolism are cofactors.

The market has introduced several plant-derived biostimulants that are protein hydrolysates from agricultural byproducts. These products have been developed for their sustainability and profitability. The hydrolyzed plant products contain peptides, proteins and amino acids with crop performance benefits. These are great sources of carbon skeletons.

Desert plant extracts are another category of biostimulants. Like seaweed, desert plants contain metabolic compounds to support plant growth in their unique environment. But where sea plants are adapted to grow vigorously in an environment naturally regulated with a narrow range of temperatures, filtered light, salinity and nutrients in the ocean, the desert plants are adapted to grow slowly in the extremes of heat and cold, extended drought and extreme solar radiation. They come from the exact opposite environment as seaweed. They are loaded with secondary metabolites like terpenoids, phenolics like flavonoids and tannins, antioxidants and alkaloids.

The concentration level of secondary metabolites is a significant part of what makes each plant species unique. This gives the species their unique ability to adapt to their environment. Secondary metabolites are a plant’s essential oils, deeper colors and their scents and flavors. These are the sources for plant-based medicines and traditional remedies, as well as the material for some biopesticides and biostimulants.

The building blocks of primary and secondary metabolites are based on the sugars, amino acids and fatty acids synthesized in photosynthesis and the dark cycle of respiration.

Desert plant extracts contain substances called saponins, which are biostimulants with an additional attribute that’s useful in agricultural applications where mixing and blending of materials is important. These unique natural molecules have one side that combines with water while the other side combines with fats, making them both a surfactant and an emulsifier. Manufacturers of organic fertilizers have used saponins to improve their formulations. This same characteristic has made desert plant extracts an important ingredient in the cosmetics industry, in popular beverages, and they have an increasingly important function for pharmaceuticals. Native Americans used these extracts to make soaps and shampoos. These plant extracts would not be useful in these applications if not for their antifungal and antibacterial properties.

For applications in the root system, the dual attraction of natural saponins to both water and fats improves exchanges between root exudates and the soil solution and stimulates growth of both roots and microbials. One saponin product from Quillaja has an EPA registration as an effective organic nematicide. New uses for desert plant extracts in commercial agriculture are being researched.

The broad purpose of this article is to show a scientific basis for the increasing use of biostimulants in cropping programs. When plant extracts, protein hydrolysates, humic substances, aminos or other carbon-based inputs are used, crops can find what they need for plant metabolism, even during stressful conditions. Metabolism is the engine of plant growth. Biostimulants and carbon-based crop inputs can be the pick-and-pull of used metabolic plant parts to keep the engine running.

References
Di Sario, L.; Boeri, P.; Matus, J.T.; Pizzio, G.A. Plant Biostimulants to Enhance Abiotic Stress Resilience in Crops. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 1129. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms26031129

Martínez-Lorente, S.E.; Martí-Guillén, J.M.; Pedreño, M.Á.; Almagro, L.; Sabater-Jara, A.B. Higher Plant-Derived Biostimulants: Mechanisms of Action and Their Role in Mitigating Plant Abiotic Stress. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 318. https:// doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030318

The Molecular Life of Plants; R. Jones, Wiley-Blackwell, American Society of Plant Biologists 2013

A Smarter, Simpler Way for PCAs, QALs, QACs and Private Applicators to Manage CEUs and Stay Renewal-Ready

By
Jason Scott | MS, Publisher, Progressive Crop Consultant, CEO, JCS Marketing Inc.
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Let’s be honest: As a licensed professional in California agriculture, whether you’re a PCA, qualified applicator license holder (QAL), qualified applicator certificate holder (QAC) or private applicator, you’ve got enough on your plate. You’re working with growers, staying on top of regulations and adapting to constant industry changes. On top of that, there’s the ongoing task of tracking your continuing education units (CEUs) for license renewal.

For years, many professionals have felt pushed into joining associations just to get access to tracking tools and enough CEUs to keep their licenses current. These memberships often come with extra fees, limited flexibility and leave you scrambling to pull everything together right before your renewal deadline.

That’s exactly why JCS Marketing created something different. For $350, you get everything you need: access to our CEU Manager that lets you keep all your hours organized in one spot, enough CEU credits to cover your entire renewal, a monthly e-newsletter with practical insights and a six-issue print magazine delivered throughout the year. No association fees. No hassle. Just everything you need, all in one place.

Why CEU Manager Makes the Difference
The biggest headache professionals face is the scattered system for earning and tracking CEUs. You’ve got some hours from here, a certificate from there and a stack of paperwork that may or may not be organized when the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) comes calling.

With the JCS CEU Program, everything is centralized. The CEU Manager comes free with your enrollment. You enter each CEU you earn, whether from JCS conferences, webinars or courses, or from outside providers. CEU Manager tracks everything you record and then generates the official DPR “Continuing Education Record Renewal Summary” (LIC 0141) form you need for renewal.

That $350 gives you complete peace of mind. Your education, your records and your renewal process are all handled in one place.

All Your Renewal CEUs Covered
Here’s the part that matters most: You won’t come up short. Your $350 enrollment gives you access to all the CEU courses you need to meet your license renewal requirements. We cover laws and regulations and topics in pest management. Everything DPR requires for PCAs, QALs, QACs and private applicators is included. There is no guessing, no hunting for extra hours at the last minute and no stress.

More Value, Less Cost
Traditional associations make you pay annual dues just to access CEU tools and hours. That means you’re spending money before you even start learning. We believe that is backward. With JCS, you pay once and you’re covered for everything. It’s straightforward and transparent. Your money goes directly toward what helps you, not organizational overhead.

Audit-Ready at Any Time
Every PCA, QAL, QAC or private applicator knows the anxiety of potential DPR audits. If your hours aren’t organized, it can put your license at risk. That is why CEU Manager is so valuable. Every CEU you enter is stored in one clean, organized system. At any time, you can generate your renewal summary and be ready in seconds. There is no need to scramble for days.

‘ You deserve a system that works for you, protects your license and gives you real value.’

Education That Matters
Your education should give you more than just checkmarks on a form; it should make you better at what you do and more valuable to the growers and clients you serve. Because JCS is deeply connected to California agriculture, our CEU sessions are designed with real-world needs in mind. You’ll gain insights you can apply immediately in the field. Your CEUs are not just ‘hours’; they are professional development that pays off.

More Than CEUs
Your $350 doesn’t stop at CEUs and the CEU Manager. You also get a monthly newsletter packed with updates and tools, plus a six-issue print magazine featuring grower-focused articles, industry news and expert interviews. You’ll also have access to our annual Crop Consultant Conference, right in the heart of California agriculture. It’s a chance to network, learn from leaders and earn additional CEUs.

Flexible, Independent, and Built for You
No two schedules look the same. Our program is built for flexibility. Complete courses online whenever it works for you, join live webinars or attend in-person events. Mix and match to fit your style. Whether you’re on the road, in the office or managing a team, our platform works around your life.

Take Control of Your Renewal
Hundreds of professionals have already made the switch. More join every month. They are discovering they don’t need to pay association dues year after year when there is a better, all-in-one option.

Think about what you’re getting for $350:
• CEU Manager that lets you keep all your hours organized in one spot
• All your renewal CEUs covered, including laws and regulations and pest management topics
• The official DPR renewal summary form (LIC 0141) generated for you
• Access to the annual Crop Consultant Conference
• No association fees, real independence and real savings
• Education and industry updates all year long

Don’t wait until renewal season is breathing down your neck. Deadlines come fast and courses fill up. By joining now, you lock in your hours, your CEU Manager and all the bonus content well before crunch time.

Your time is too valuable to waste chasing down certificates, paying unnecessary fees or scrambling at the last minute. You deserve a system that works for you, protects your license and gives you real value. That is exactly what the JCS CEU Program delivers. You get the CEU Manager, all the hours you need and content that keeps you connected, with no association fees attached.

The future of education for PCAs, QALs, QACs and private applicators is about independence, simplicity and value. It starts right here.

Follow Microirrigation School on LinkedIn

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Registration is now open for the 2026 Advanced School on Microirrigation for Crop Production, to be held March 30–April 3, 2026. Follow the school on LinkedIn for the latest news and announcements about this exciting program.

In addition to three days of engaging classroom sessions (March 30-April 1) at the University of California Davis, participants will spend two days (April 2-3) observing field demonstrations in the San Joaquin Valley and Salinas/Monterey areas. Don’t miss this unique opportunity to learn about cutting-edge irrigation technologies and practices. View the full school schedule.
Learn More and Register
Special thanks to our sponsors:
Early-bird pricing will now be offered until January 16, 2026.
Early-Bird Price Regular Price
Combined Lecture and Field Trip $1,000 $1,150
Lectures Only $850 $975

Exhibitors are also welcome to attend. Exhibit tables are $650 for the three days of lectures.

Continuing education credits will be awarded from the American Society of Agronomy. Credits will also be applied for from the Irrigation Association.
 

Mary Ann Dickinson

Executive Director, California Irrigation Institute

maryann@dickinsonassociates.com
California Irrigation Institute

MyLand and Texas A&M AgriLife Advance Soil Health Research with Program Expansion

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New phase drives Texas-focused research on microalgae’s impact on nutrient density, water efficiency, citrus greening, and sustainable farming practices

Phoenix, Arizona – October 21, 2025 – MyLand, a leading innovator in soil health, today announced an expansion of its collaboration with Texas A&M AgriLife Research, designed to accelerate the adoption of sustainable soil practices across Texas and beyond.

The new phase of research will evaluate the effects and benefits of microalgae in a range of agriculture and natural resources production systems specific to Texas.

This milestone builds on the success of the collaboration, which began in 2023. Over the past two years, MyLand and AgriLife Research have expanded soil research and data collection across 12,000 acres in Texas, representing multiple soil types, crops, and regions. Building on this momentum, the program’s microalgae expansion will add 10,000 more acres, deepen collaborative research, and explore new applications of MyLand’s microalgae-based Soil as a Service™ to drive agricultural success and sustainability. This expansion underscores the growing value of public-private collaboration in advancing economically resilient agriculture.

“Every acre of Texas farmland carries the potential to feed families and sustain communities for generations,” said Dane Hague, Co-Founder and CEO of MyLand. “Together, we’re creating data-driven, scalable solutions that restore soil health, improve the quality of the food grown on-farm, and strengthen farming communities.”

New frontiers in research
The expanded research program includes multiple studies aligned with real-world grower needs and long-term sustainability goals:

1. Nutrient density of food: Evaluating the impact of microalgae on improving nutrient density across a range of crops.

2. Water use efficiency: Investigating how microalgae enhance resilience under reduced water availability, particularly on cotton — one of Texas’ most critical crops.

3. Soil salinity: Exploring the mitigation of damage caused by saline water, expanding water access in challenging environments.

4. Citrus greening: Evaluating microalgae for improving tree health in citrus groves impacted by this devastating disease.

5. Golf and turf: Studying microalgae’s impact on reduced water and inputs while maintaining turf quality for sports fields and golf courses.

“Our collaboration with MyLand brings research out of the lab and into farmers’ fields, where results truly matter” said Dr. G. Cliff Lamb, Director of Texas A&M AgriLife Research. “It’s partnerships like this that show how soil health isn’t just about crops – it’s about people, communities, and the future of Texas agriculture.”

With continued collaboration, MyLand and AgriLife Research are cultivating a future where healthy soils mean healthier farms, stronger food systems, and more resilient ecosystems.

About MyLand
MyLand is a soil health company. MyLand’s innovative and patented technology and unique Soil as a Service™ approach allows farmers to easily and rapidly implement regenerative agriculture practices and improve their soil health by harnessing the land’s own native ecosystem, because No Two Farms Are Alike™. MyLand partners with farmers to infuse life into their soil, helping to return farms to their most fertile state, achieving greater productivity and enhanced profitability. By improving soil health, MyLand is helping to tackle two of the world’s biggest challenges: food security and climate disruption. For additional information on how MyLand is transforming soil health globally, visit www.MyLand.ag.

About Texas A&M AgriLife Research
The Texas A&M AgriLife Research pioneers knowledge about agriculture and the life sciences to nourish health, strengthen communities, protect natural resources, and support economies. A part of The Texas A&M University System, AgriLife Research work toward a vision of healthy lives, livelihoods, and environments, improved through abundant, affordable, and high-quality food and agricultural products in Texas and around the world. agriliferesearch.tamu.edu.

Media Contact:

Nicole Small

Director, Marketing & Communications

n.small@myland.ag

Press Release: Nutrien’s ‘Farmers 2050 Contest’ Offers $1,000 Prize for FFA Chapters

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LOVELAND, CO (October 20, 2025) – Nutrien Ag Solutions is inviting FFA chapters nationwide to test their farm management skills in a new digital challenge designed to connect students with the realities of modern agriculture through the Farmers 2050 Contest.

The three National FFA Organization chapters with the highest scores on Farmers 2050, formerly known as Journey 2050, during the National FFA Global Event Contest will receive the following donations to their chapters:

  • First Place: $1,000 donated to their FFA Chapter
  • Second Place: $500 donated to their FFA Chapter
  • Third Place: $250 donated to their FFA Chapter

The Global Event gameplay will run from 10:00 am on Monday, October 20, 2025, through 08:00 pm on Sunday, November 2, 2025 EST. Each chapter can register up to 50 players to compete as a team. Full contest rules and requirements can be found on the contest’s homepage.

“Farmers 2050 is as close as you can get to the realities of owning and operating a farm in a gaming format. It’s a great educational resource for students interested in pursuing a career in the agriculture industry because it simulates the decision-making process that farmers are faced with each day,” said Spencer Harris, Senior Vice President of Global Retail Operations, and member of the National FFA Foundation Sponsors Board. “We’re looking forward to seeing a bit of friendly competition between FFA chapters during convention to see who lands on the leaderboard.”

During the National FFA Convention, Nutrien Ag Solutions can be found at booth #630. Alongside the Farmers 2050 Global Event Contest, the team will also be offering the following experiences for FFA students and advisors:

  • A giveaway where three lucky students will win co-branded National FFA and Nutrien Ag Solutions sneakers.
  • Back by popular demand – customized airbrush t-shirts.
  • Nutrien Agronomy Drone Feature with brief educational presentations that will be held at:
    • 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 29, and Thursday, October 30.
    • 10:00 a.m. on Friday, October 31.

This year also marks a special milestone for Harris, who will be receiving an Honorary American Degree during the convention on Friday morning.

“FFA has been a huge part of my life and has helped shape me in so many ways. I’m incredibly grateful to the National FFA Organization for this honor and to be trusted with the responsibility of representing my teammates at Nutrien Ag Solutions on the National FFA Foundation Sponsors Board,” said Harris.

Nutrien Ag Solutions has been a proud supporter of FFA for over 45 years. Last year, the team solidified their continued support of FFA with a commitment of a 3-year investment of $850,000. The funds are used for competitive event support for members, comprehensive professional development for advisors, and a notable scholarship of $10,000 for National FFA Officers at their service year’s end. The investment also includes Nutrien Alumni Scholarships, in which alumni chapters can apply for a $5,000 grant to help with programming for their chapter. This commitment also includes support for alumni chapters, strengthening the foundation for ongoing agricultural engagement and learning.

###

About Nutrien Ag Solutions Inc.

Nutrien Ag Solutions® is the retail division of Nutrien Ltd., a leading global provider of crop inputs and services. They provide full-acre solutions through a global retail network of trusted crop consultants at more than 1,900 locations. Nutrien Ag Solutions strives to help growers achieve the highest yields with a wide selection of products, including their proprietary brands: Loveland Products®, Inc., Proven® Seed, and Dyna-Gro® Seed. For more information visit nutrienagsolutions.com.

 

Media Relations Contacts

Katelyn Maass, 641-340-0350, katelyn.maass@nutrien.com

Michaela Spangler, 970-613-3743, michaela.spangler@nutrien.com

 

DPR’s New Pesticide Review Process Could Reshape Product Availability

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Kristin Platts | Digital Content Editor and Social Correspondence
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As California’s Department of Pesticide Regulation prepares to reevaluate pesticide use, growers and consultants are urged to step forward and bring field-level insight to the table to ensure science, not sentiment, drives regulatory decisions (photo by Franz Niederholzer, UCCE.)

California’s Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) is preparing to launch a new pesticide prioritization process that could determine which crop protection products remain available to growers in the years ahead. According to Western Plant Health Association President and CEO Renee Pinel, this process is beginning to move quickly, and growers and consultants should be paying attention.

“The process is now really starting to ramp up,” Pinel said during an interview at the 2025 Crop Consultant Conference in Visalia. “DPR is outlining with committee members what the goals will be, who can participate and how the committees will function. Their goal is to have these committees standing up either this fall or very early next year.”

Once the committees begin meeting, they’ll start identifying pesticides that may be considered for additional evaluations. That could lead to additional restrictions or, in some cases, product removal.

Two-Year Timeline to Major Decisions

While still in the early stages, the new prioritization framework could have significant implications for agriculture by the middle of the decade. Realistically, she said committees should start to meet at the beginning of 2026.

“By late next year, you could be looking at recommendations, maybe by summer, but more likely by fall or winter, for DPR to start reevaluating certain products,” she said. “That means we could see real impacts on product availability as soon as 2027.”

Pinel noted the committees will focus on identifying products where alternatives exist or where new options are being developed. That review process will inform DPR’s decisions on whether to restrict, modify or discontinue certain uses.

Why Grower and Consultant Voices Matter

Pinel urges grower and consultant participation as a crucial component to ensure the process remains grounded in science and real-world experience.

“Product availability is going to impact farmers directly,” she said. “If groups or individuals who don’t fully understand these products are the only ones at the table, then farmers, PCAs and CCAs need to be able to represent themselves.”

Growers and consultants, she added, have firsthand knowledge of what products work in the field and what realistic alternatives exist, knowledge that’s essential to balanced decision-making.

“Nobody knows better than a PCA, CCA or a farmer about the importance of a product, the alternatives that are out there and the impact restrictions will have,” she said. “Sometimes alternatives are being considered based on philosophical beliefs about what they can do rather than actual field-level realities.”

Who Can Participate

Agricultural professionals can become directly involved in the process by serving on DPR’s new advisory committees, according to Pinel. Growers, consultants and retailers can be nominated, either by others or by themselves, to represent agricultural perspectives.

“Registrants won’t be considered because DPR views that as a conflict of interest,” Pinel explained. “That means I can’t participate, but a grower or a pest control adviser certainly can.”

Pinel encouraged those with field expertise to stay alert for opportunities to serve or provide input once the committees are announced.

As the process unfolds over the next two years, growers and consultants will play an essential role in ensuring decisions about pesticide use remain practical, science-driven and representative of the realities in California fields and orchards. While DPR intends for the process to be science-based, Pinel cautioned that not all participating groups may share that approach.

“We need to be aware that there are groups looking at this through political or emotional lenses,” she said. “That’s why it’s so important for agriculture to be at the table, because if we’re not, it’s hard to push back against emotion. We need to let the science speak for itself.”

Farmers take the Driver’s Seat at FIRA USA 2025: Hands-On Autonomous Ag Robotics

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John Deere Autonomous 5ML Orchard Tractor - Photo Credit John Deere

WOODLAND, Calif. (AgPR) Oct. 7, 2025 – FIRA USA 2025 puts farmers at the center of agtech innovation. From October 21–23 in Woodland, California, growers get free admission and access to the brand-new VIP Grower Tour, featuring tailored visits, one-on-one meetings with robotics manufacturers, and a curated agenda addressing real farm challenges — from automating harvests and precision weed control to data-driven decision-making. The event also showcases Grower Pitches, where farmers share their experiences with cutting-edge technologies, and includes networking breakfasts and hands-on demos. The highlight: John Deere’s Autonomous 5ML Orchard Tractor — first unveiled at CES 2025 — will make its exclusive debut at an agricultural event during FIRA USA.

A Vision Resolutely Focused on the Needs of Farmers
At the heart of FIRA USA 2025 is a clear mission: to accelerate the adoption of agricultural technologies in North America, ensuring they precisely meet the expectations of producers.

“Ag robotics is booming, but every farm is different,” says Gwendoline Legrand, co-director of FIRA USA. “That’s why FIRA now focuses on direct matchmaking between growers and tech providers, ensuring automation delivers real value in the field and drives business on the spot.”

Exclusive VIP Program Designed for Growers
This year, FIRA USA 2025 launches the VIP Grower Tour, a free and exclusive program designed to welcome farmers with tailored guided tours, one-on-one meetings with ag robotics manufacturers, and a curated agenda to bring the right solutions to their specific needs.

All VIP Growers are invited to the exclusive John Deere’s Autonomous 5ML Orchard Tractor demo on Wednesday, October 22 (8-9 am): first revealed at CES 2025, the autonomous tractor will be demoing for the first time at an ag event at FIRA USA.

They are also kindly invited to the exclusive VIP Breakfast, sponsored by the California Farm Bureau, on Thursday, October 23 (9-10 am), for peer-to-peer networking and open discussion with robotics experts.

“If I’m a grower leaving this event today, I’m going home with a pocket full of business cards and a pocket full of ideas,” says Josh Roberts, VP Global Ag Development, Taylor Farms.

To secure your personalized VIP Growers Experience, please apply at this link, or contact gwendoline@world-fira.com.

Hands-On Field Demonstrations
A highlight of FIRA USA 2025 is the series of live field demos, where attendees can see ag robotics and automation technologies in real-world farm conditions. The official program is available online, allowing growers to plan their visit and select demos and sessions most relevant to their operations.

Producers Share Innovations and Challenges at FIRA USA
“I’ve attended FIRA the past 2 years and found an invaluable way to stay informed on the latest robotics and automation innovations for California agriculture”, Tim Nuss from Nuss Farm. “Seeing product demonstrations firsthand is a great way to envision real world applications on our farm. We’ve connected with several companies at FIRA as a result and currently evaluating how we adopt their technologies on the farm. The event is a good mix of tangible field ready tech as well as early stage developments. I highly recommend the event and am excited to attend again in 2025!”

Building on the momentum of 2024, which saw farmer participation increase by 53%, FIRA USA 2025 will give the floor directly to growers through a series of Growers Pitches. These sessions will highlight the cutting-edge tools already being implemented on farms and open discussions about ongoing technological needs.

Among the key topics:

  • Automating the Harvest: Cutting-Edge Technologies Revolutionizing America’s Farming (October 21)
  • Weed Management Showdown: Lasers, Precision Spraying, or Mechanical Solutions? (October 22)
  • From Vineyard to Value – Feedback on Farming Automation (October 22)
  • Data-Driven Farming: Transforming Grower Decision-Making (October 23)

Free registration for growers at FIRA USA: https://fira-usa.com

About FIRA USA
FIRA USA is the leading North American event dedicated to robotics and automation in agriculture. It brings together farmers, manufacturers, researchers, and investors to accelerate the adoption of innovative technologies in the face of modern agricultural challenges.

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Media Contact:
Gwendoline Legrand
gwendoline@world-fira.com
+33 688 87 17 11

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